Exam reviewer
Veterinarian Licensure Exam (VLE) reviewer
Mondspace (mondspace.app) is a review app for veterinary medicine graduates preparing for the Veterinarian Licensure Exam (VLE), which is run by PRC. It covers the exam area by area and subject by subject, and every question comes with a full explanation. Free to start.
What the VLE track covers
The outline below is read from the live app. It follows the exam's own Table of Specifications, area by area. Open a subject to see its topics.
Veterinary Anatomy
Anatomy of the Dog
- Canine Skeletal System
- Canine Muscular System
- Canine Cardiovascular System
- Canine Nervous System
- Canine Integumentary System
- Canine Lymphatic System
- Canine Respiratory System
- Canine Digestive System
- Canine Urinary System
- Canine Reproductive System
- Canine Endocrine Anatomy
- Canine Eye
- Canine Ear
Applied and Clinical Anatomy of the Dog
- Surface and Clinical Anatomy
- Diagnostic Imaging Anatomy
- Surgical Anatomy
- Regional and Local Anesthesia Anatomy
- Obstetrical Anatomy
- Necropsy Anatomy
Comparative Veterinary Anatomy
- Comparative Osteology and Arthrology
- Comparative Myology
- Comparative Cardiovascular Anatomy
- Comparative Nervous Anatomy
- Comparative Integument
- Comparative Lymphatic Anatomy
- Comparative Respiratory Anatomy
- Comparative Digestive Anatomy
- Comparative Urinary Anatomy
- Comparative Reproductive Anatomy
- Comparative Endocrine Anatomy
- Comparative Eye
- Comparative Ear
Applied Comparative Anatomy
- Ruminant Applied Anatomy
- Porcine Applied Anatomy
- Avian Applied Anatomy
Veterinary Embryology
- Gametogenesis and Fertilization
- Early Embryonic Development
- Germ-Layer Derivatives
- Extraembryonic Membranes
- Placentation
- Development of Skeletal and Muscular Systems
- Cardiovascular Development
- Nervous and Integumentary Development
- Digestive, Respiratory and Lymphatic Development
- Urinary and Reproductive Development
- Endocrine Development
- Congenital Malformations and Teratology
General Veterinary Histology
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Cartilage and Bone
- Muscle Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
Systemic Veterinary Histology
- Skeletal System Histology
- Muscular System Histology
- Cardiovascular Histology
- Nervous System Histology
- Integumentary Histology
- Lymphatic Histology
- Respiratory Histology
- Digestive Histology
- Urinary Histology
- Reproductive Histology
- Endocrine Histology
- Eye Histology
- Ear Histology
Veterinary Physiology
Cellular and General Physiology
- Functional Organization of the Animal Cell
- Membrane Transport
- Body Fluids
Muscle Physiology
- Skeletal Muscle
- Smooth Muscle
- Cardiac Muscle
Neurophysiology
- Neuronal Physiology
- Synaptic Transmission
- Functional Organization of the Nervous System
- Cranial Nerve Physiology
Blood Physiology
- Blood Composition and Functions
- Erythrocytes
- Leukocytes
- Hemostasis
Digestive Physiology
- General Gastrointestinal Function
- Gastric Physiology
- Intestinal Digestion and Absorption
- Gastrointestinal Hormones
- Ruminant Digestion
- Hindgut Fermentation
- Avian Digestion
Nutrient Metabolism, Minerals and Vitamins
- Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism
- Protein and Amino-Acid Metabolism
- Mineral Physiology
- Vitamin Physiology
Renal and Urinary Physiology
- Renal Hemodynamics
- Tubular Function
- Urine Concentration and Dilution
- Regulation of Water and Electrolytes
- Micturition
Respiratory Physiology
- Mammalian Ventilation
- Pulmonary Gas Exchange
- Blood-Gas Transport
- Control of Respiration
- Avian Respiratory Physiology
Acid-Base Physiology
- Acid-Base Fundamentals
- Physiological Regulation
- Acid-Base Disturbances
Thermoregulation
- Body-Temperature Regulation
- Heat Exchange
- Species Adaptations
Endocrine Physiology
- General Endocrinology
- Hypothalamus and Pituitary
- Thyroid Physiology
- Calcium-Regulating Hormones
- Adrenal Physiology
- Pancreatic Endocrinology
- Other Endocrine Tissues
Male Reproductive Physiology
- Male Reproductive Organ Function
- Spermatogenesis
- Endocrine Control of Male Reproduction
- Avian Male Reproduction
Female Reproductive Physiology
- Female Reproductive Organ Function
- Oogenesis and Folliculogenesis
- Estrous Cycle
- Fertilization
- Pregnancy
- Parturition and Lactation
- Avian Female Reproduction
Veterinary Pharmacology
General Principles of Veterinary Pharmacology
- Foundations of Pharmacology
- Drug Dosage Forms and Preparations
- Routes of Drug Administration
Pharmacokinetics
- Drug Absorption
- Bioavailability
- Drug Distribution
- Drug Metabolism and Biotransformation
- Drug Excretion
- Pharmacokinetic Parameters
Pharmacodynamics
- Drug-Receptor Interactions
- Major Drug Targets
- Dose-Response Relationships
- Altered Drug Responses
Autonomic and Peripheral Nervous System Pharmacology
- Cholinergic Pharmacology
- Adrenergic Pharmacology
- Neuromuscular Pharmacology
Central Nervous System, Sedative and Anesthetic Pharmacology
- Sedatives and Tranquilizers
- General Anesthetics
- Local Anesthetics
- Anticonvulsants
Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Pharmacology
- Opioid Analgesics
- Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
- Corticosteroids
Cardiovascular and Renal Pharmacology
- Drugs Affecting Cardiac Function
- Antihypertensive and Vasodilator Drugs
- Diuretics
- Fluid Therapy and Electrolyte Pharmacology
Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Pharmacology
- Respiratory Drugs
- Gastric Acid and Ulcer Therapy
- Antiemetics and Prokinetics
- Antidiarrheals and Laxatives
Endocrine and Reproductive Pharmacology
- Adrenal Pharmacology
- Thyroid Pharmacology
- Pancreatic and Diabetes Pharmacology
- Reproductive Pharmacology
Antibacterial Pharmacology
- Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
- Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
- Aminoglycosides
- Tetracyclines
- Macrolides and Lincosamides
- Fluoroquinolones
- Sulfonamides and Potentiated Sulfonamides
- Other Antibacterial Agents
- Antimicrobial Resistance
Antifungal, Antiviral and Antiparasitic Pharmacology
- Antifungal Drugs
- Antiviral Drugs
- Anthelmintics
- Antiprotozoal Drugs
- Ectoparasiticides
Clinical Pharmacology and Rational Therapeutics
- Rational Drug Selection
- Veterinary Dosage Calculations
- Drug Interactions
- Adverse Drug Reactions
- Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Food-Animal Pharmacology and Drug Residues
- Drug Residues
- Withdrawal Periods
- Residue Safety Concepts
- Responsible Food-Animal Drug Use
Veterinary Toxicology
- General Principles of Toxicology
- Diagnosis of Poisoning
- General Treatment of Poisoning
- Pesticide Toxicology
- Rodenticide Toxicology
- Heavy Metal Toxicology
- Plant Toxicology
- Mycotoxins and Feed Toxicants
- Common Companion-Animal Toxicants
- Antidotes
- Zootoxins and Envenomation
Veterinary Microbiology and Public Health
General Veterinary Microbiology
- Introduction to Veterinary Microbiology
- Host-Microorganism Relationships
- Bacterial Morphology and Structure
- Bacterial Cell Structures
- Cell Wall Types and Special Bacterial Forms
- Bacterial Physiology and Growth
- Environmental Requirements and Growth Curve
- Bacterial Genetics
- Horizontal Gene Transfer and Mobile Genetic Elements
- General Mycology
- Fungal Reproduction and Classification
- General Virology and Acellular Pathogens
- Microbiological Diagnostic Techniques
- Microscopy and Staining
- Culture Media and Isolation
- Identification and Interpretation
- Antimicrobial Resistance
- Antimicrobial Stewardship and One Health
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
- Phenotypic and Genotypic Resistance Detection
Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology
- Bacterial Pathogenesis
- Gram-Positive Cocci
- Gram-Positive Bacilli
- Enteric Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Other Gram-Negative Veterinary Pathogens
- Mycobacteria and Related Organisms
- Spirochetes and Atypical Bacteria
- Chlamydial and Rickettsial Organisms
- Veterinary Mycology
Veterinary Virology
- Viral Structure and Classification
- Viral Replication and Genetics
- Viral Pathogenesis
- Major Mammalian Viruses
- Avian Viruses
- Viral Diagnosis
- Viral Disease Prevention and Control
Fundamentals of Veterinary Immunology
- Innate Immunity
- Adaptive Immunity
- Antibodies
- Microbial Immune Evasion
- Veterinary Vaccinology
- Immunodiagnostic Tests
- Immune-Mediated Disease
Veterinary Zoonoses, Emerging Diseases and One Health
- Principles and Classification of Zoonoses
- Major Bacterial Zoonoses
- Major Viral Zoonoses
- Emergence and Re-emergence of Disease
- One Health
- Zoonotic Disease Prevention and Control
- Socioeconomic and Regulatory Implications
Veterinary Food Safety and Hygiene
- Principles of Food Hygiene
- Meat Hygiene
- Ante-Mortem Inspection
- Post-Mortem Inspection
- Milk Hygiene
- Fish and Aquatic Food Hygiene
- Good Manufacturing and Hygiene Practices
- Food Safety Hazard Control
- Foodborne Diseases
Veterinary Epidemiology
- Fundamental Epidemiological Concepts
- Measures of Disease Frequency
- Measures of Association and Effect
- Epidemiological Study Designs
- Sampling
- Bias and Confounding
- Diagnostic-Test Epidemiology
- Disease Surveillance
- Outbreak Investigation
Veterinary Parasitology
Veterinary Entomology and Acarology: Arthropods
- General Veterinary Arthropodology
- Ticks
- Mites and Mange
- Lice
- Fleas
- Dipteran Parasites and Veterinary Flies
- Myiasis
- Insecticides and Acaricides in Veterinary Practice
Veterinary Protozoology
- General Protozoology
- Coccidiosis
- Cryptosporidiosis
- Toxoplasmosis
- Neosporosis
- Sarcocystosis
- Babesiosis
- Theileriosis
- Trypanosomiasis
- Trichomonads and Related Flagellates
- Giardia and Other Intestinal Protozoa
- Avian Blood Protozoa
- Hepatozoonosis
Veterinary Helminthology
- General Helminthology
- Gastrointestinal Strongyles of Ruminants
- Swine Gastrointestinal Nematodes
- Equine Nematodes
- Companion-Animal Nematodes
- Respiratory Nematodes
- Filarial and Cardiovascular Nematodes
- Trichinellids and Other Tissue Nematodes
- Trematodes: Liver Flukes
- Rumen and Intestinal Flukes
- Other Trematodes
- Cestodes of Dogs and Cats
- Cestodes of Ruminants
- Equine Cestodes
- Poultry Helminths
- Helminth Diagnostic Techniques
- Anthelmintic Control and Resistance
Parasitology of Wild, Exotic and Captive Animals and Bees
- General Wildlife and Exotic-Animal Parasitology
- Parasites of Exotic Mammals
- Parasites of Reptiles
- Parasites of Captive and Wild Birds
- Bee Parasitology
Fish and Aquatic-Animal Parasitology
- General Aquatic Parasitology
- Protozoan Parasites of Fish
- Monogenean Parasites
- Digenean Trematodes of Fish
- Fish Cestodes
- Fish Nematodes
- Crustacean Ectoparasites
- Parasites of Aquatic Mammals
- Aquatic-Parasite Diagnosis and Control
Veterinary Pathology
General Pathology
- Foundations and Terminology of Pathology
- Normal Cell and Cellular Injury
- Cell Death and Necrosis
- Intracellular and Extracellular Accumulations
- Disturbances of Circulation
- Acute Inflammation
- Chronic and Granulomatous Inflammation
- Healing, Repair and Regeneration
- Cellular Adaptation and Growth Disturbances
- Neoplasia
- Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease
- Veterinary Necropsy and Pathologic Examination
Systemic Pathology
- Integumentary Pathology
- Musculoskeletal Pathology
- Cardiovascular Pathology
- Respiratory Pathology
- Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Pathology
- Gastrointestinal Pathology
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Pathology
- Urinary Pathology
- Male Reproductive Pathology
- Female Reproductive and Mammary Pathology
- Endocrine Pathology
- Nervous System Pathology
- Ocular and Special-Sense Pathology
- Nutritional and Metabolic Pathology
Clinical Pathology
- Specimen Collection, Handling and Laboratory Submission
- Veterinary Hematology
- Hemostasis and Coagulation
- Serum Biochemistry
- Clinical Enzymology and Liver Function
- Renal Function Testing and Urinalysis
- Water, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders
- Fecal Examination
- Dermatologic Laboratory Examination
- Veterinary Cytology
- Body-Fluid Analysis
- Toxicologic Pathology and Toxicity Testing
Veterinary Medicine
General Principles of Veterinary Medicine
- Clinical Approach to the Animal Patient
- Physical Examination
- Clinical Signs and Syndrome Recognition
- Diagnostic Reasoning
- Principles of Therapy
- Emergency and Critical-Care Principles
- Philippine Animal Disease Status and Control
Canine Medicine
- Canine Infectious Diseases
- Gastrointestinal Disease
- Hepatobiliary Disease
- Respiratory Medicine
- Cardiovascular Medicine
- Urinary Medicine
- Endocrine and Metabolic Disease
- Hematologic and Immune-Mediated Disease
- Neurologic Medicine
- Dermatologic Medicine
Feline Medicine
- Feline Infectious Diseases
- Feline Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disease
- Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease
- Feline Renal Disease
- Feline Endocrinology
- Feline Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease
Ruminant Medicine
- Ruminant Clinical Examination
- Forestomach and Gastrointestinal Disorders
- Metabolic and Nutritional Diseases
- Respiratory Disease
- Major Infectious Diseases
- Udder and Mammary Disease
- Calf Medicine
- Small-Ruminant Medicine
Equine Medicine
- Equine Gastrointestinal Disease
- Equine Respiratory Disease
- Equine Musculoskeletal Medicine
- Equine Neurologic Disease
- Equine Metabolic Disease
Swine Medicine
- Herd-Based Swine Medicine
- Viral Diseases
- Bacterial Diseases
- Piglet Disease
- Respiratory Disease Complex
- Enteric Disease
Poultry Medicine
- Flock Health and Diagnostic Approach
- Viral Diseases
- Bacterial Diseases
- Protozoal and Parasitic Disease
- Nutritional and Metabolic Disease
- Egg and Reproductive Disorders
Veterinary Theriogenology
- Reproductive Examination
- Female Reproductive Disorders
- Male Reproductive Disorders
- Pregnancy
- Parturition and Dystocia
- Postpartum Disorders
- Assisted Reproduction
Aquatic Animal Medicine
- Aquatic Animal Clinical Assessment
- Environmental and Water-Quality Disorders
- Infectious Fish Diseases
- Parasitic Disease
- Aquaculture Health Management
Wildlife and Exotic Animal Medicine
- Avian Medicine
- Reptile Medicine
- Small-Mammal Medicine
- Wildlife Medicine
- Laboratory Animal Medicine
Veterinary Jurisprudence, Ethics and Professional Practice
- Philippine Veterinary Medicine Act
- Professional Regulatory Board
- Veterinary Professional Ethics
- Legal Responsibilities in Clinical Practice
- Animal Welfare Act (RA 8485 as amended by RA 10631)
- Anti-Rabies Act of 2007 (RA 9482)
- Meat Inspection Code (RA 9296 as amended by RA 10536)
- Food Safety Act of 2013 (RA 10611)
Animal Welfare in Veterinary Practice
- Principles of Animal Welfare
- Welfare Assessment
- Humane Handling and Restraint
- Pain and Suffering
- Humane Euthanasia
Veterinary Practice Management and Economics
- Veterinary Practice Operations
- Veterinary Economics
- Client Communication
- Herd and Population Medicine Economics
Veterinary Surgery
Principles of Veterinary Surgery
- Surgical Asepsis and Antisepsis
- Surgical Instruments
- Wounds and Wound Classification
- Wound Healing
- Wound Management
- Suture Materials
- Suture Patterns and Techniques
- Preoperative and Postoperative Surgical Management
- Surgical Team and Operating-Room Organization
Surgical Emergencies, Hemostasis and Perioperative Critical Care
- Surgical Hemostasis
- Cardiopulmonary Arrest and Resuscitation
- Shock
- Perioperative Fluid Therapy
Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia
- Preanesthetic Assessment
- Sedation and Premedication
- Injectable and Inhalant Anesthesia
- Local and Regional Anesthesia
- Anesthetic Monitoring
Small Animal Orthopedic Surgery
- Fracture Classification
- Fracture Assessment and Management
- External Coaptation
- Orthopedic Implants and Internal Fixation
Small Animal Gastrointestinal Surgery
- Oral and Esophageal Surgery
- Gastric Surgery
- Intestinal Surgery
- Colorectal and Anal Surgery
- Hepatobiliary and Splenic Surgery
- Congenital Gastrointestinal Anomalies
Small Animal Genitourinary, Reproductive and Oncologic Surgery
- Male Reproductive Surgery
- Female Reproductive Surgery
- Urinary Surgery
- Skin and Mammary Tumor Surgery
Small Animal Special-Sense, Respiratory and Reconstructive Surgery
- Ophthalmic Surgery
- Ear Surgery
- Respiratory Surgery
- Reconstructive Surgery
- Hernia Repair
Large Animal Surgery
- Head and Neck Surgery
- Thoracic Surgery
- Abdominal Surgery
- Male Genitourinary Surgery
- Female Genitourinary Surgery
- Teat and Mammary Surgery
- Hoof Surgery and Repair
- Limb, Joint and Skeletal Surgery
- Large Animal Regional Anesthesia
- Large Animal General Anesthesia and Monitoring
Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging
- Principles of Radiography
- Radiographic Equipment and Exposure
- Radiation Safety
- Radiographic Positioning and Technique
- Radiographic Interpretation
- Principles of Ultrasonography
- Ultrasonographic Technique
- Ultrasonographic Interpretation
Zootechnics
Principles of Animal Breeding, Selection and Improvement
- Classification and Breeds of Farm Animals
- Basic Genetics of Animal Production
- Quantitative Genetics and Economic Traits
- Selection of Breeding Animals
- Breeding Systems
- Reproductive Principles in Genetic Improvement
Principles of Animal Nutrition, Production and Health
- Comparative Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
- Nutrient Classes and Functions
- Digestion, Absorption and Nutrient Metabolism
- Feed Classification
- Feed Evaluation
- Feed Additives and Performance Enhancers
- Feed Formulation
- Animal Facilities and Equipment
- General Herd/Flock Health Management
Ruminant Production
- Cattle Production
- Buffalo/Carabao Production
- Sheep Production
- Goat Production
- Ruminant Reproduction
- Ruminant Selection and Breeding
- Ruminant Nutrition
- Pasture and Grazing Management
- Housing and Farm Management
- Ruminant Herd Health
Swine Production and Management
- Swine Breeds and Classification
- Swine Genetics and Breeding
- Swine Reproduction
- Breeding-Herd Management
- Farrowing Management
- Nursery Management
- Grower-Finisher Management
- Swine Housing and Equipment
- Swine Herd Health and Biosecurity
- Swine Waste Management
Poultry Production and Management
- Poultry Breeds and Strains
- Poultry Genetics and Stock Selection
- Avian Reproductive Physiology
- Incubation
- Hatchery Management
- Broiler Production
- Layer Production
- Breeder-Flock Management
- Duck, Quail and Free-Range Production
- Poultry Housing and Environmental Management
- Flock Health Program
- Poultry Products and Processing
Equine Production and Management
- Horse Breeds and Classification
- Points and Conformation of the Horse
- Equine Breeding
- Equine Nutrition
- Equine Care and Management
- Equine Behavior
- Abnormal Equine Behavior
- Equine Gaits
- Unsoundness and Blemishes
- Riding, Handling and Training Principles
Zoo and Exotic Animal Management
- Principles of Wildlife and Exotic Animal Management
- Conservation Management
- Zoo Animal Husbandry
- Exotic Companion Mammals
- Captive Birds
- Reptile Management
- Aquatic Animal Management
- Game and Alternative Animal Production
- Zoo/Exotic Health Programs
Animal Behavior and Restraint
- Principles of Animal Behavior
- Behavioral Assessment Before Restraint
- Psychological Restraint
- Physical Restraint
- Chemical Restraint
- Species-Specific Restraint
- Environmental Effects on Animal Behavior
- Environment, Stress and Welfare
How Mondspace helps you review for the VLE
- Practice questions with a full explanation after every answer.
- Flashcards, including fill-in-the-blank cards, for what you keep forgetting.
- Timed mock boards that follow the exam's own areas.
- A progress view that shows which subjects are strong and which are not.
- My Reviewer: upload your own notes and drill from them.
Questions
Is it Mondspace or Mindspace?
Mondspace, spelled M-O-N-D-S-P-A-C-E. It is a brand name, not a typo, and it is a different product from Mindspace. Search for "mondspace.app" to find us.
Is Mondspace affiliated with PRC?
No. Mondspace is an independent review tool. It is not affiliated with the PRC, CSC, NAPOLCOM or any review center.
Can I try the VLE track before paying?
Yes. It is free to start. Make an account and open the Veterinarian Licensure Exam (VLE) track.